. [41] Nowadays, the traditional view of kulintang as strictly for women has waned as both women and men play all five instruments, with some of the more renowned kulintang players being men. [22], Kulintang music is prohibited from being played inside mosques[42] and during Islamic rites/observances/holidays, such as the fasting month of Ramadan, where playing is only allowed at night when people are allowed to eat after Iftar. "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music. Sakuting (pronounced seh-KOOH-tihng) comes from the province of Abra . [26] For example, among the Maguindanao, the word binalig is used by contemporary musicians as a name for one of the rhythmic modes associated with kangungudan, but it has also been used as a term designating a new style. [31] A rhythmic mode (or designation or genre or pattern) is defined as a musical unit that binds together the entire five instrument ensemble. Instruments are classified using 5 different categories depending on the manner in which the instrument creates the sound: Idiophones, Membranophones, Chordophones, Aerophones . The Legacy Bernard A young Bernard (L) with Kulintang master artist Danongan "Danny" Kalanduyan. First, standardized titles weren't considered a priority. Agung Percussion instrument Classification Idiophone Hornbostel-Sachs classification 111.241.2 (Sets of gongs) Developed Indonesia The agung is a set of two wide-rimmed, vertically suspended gongs used by the Maguindanao, Maranao, Sama-Bajau and Tausug people of the Philippines as a supportive instrument in kulintang ensembles. [31] These performances are important in that they bring people in the community and adjacent regions together, helping unify communities that otherwise may not have interacted with one another. 2. Combes, Francisco. Also common in other Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, the kulintang is a traditional Filipino instrument composed of eight bronze gongs sitting in a row, each with different pitches. The Tausug have three identifiable compositionskuriri, sinug, and lubak-lubak; the Yakan have twotini-id and kuriri; and the Dusan have threeayas, kudidi and tidung. [39] Traditionally, unmarried daughters were kept in a special chamber in the attic called a lamin, off-limits to visitors and suitors. [31] Traditionally they were made from bronze but due to the disruption and loss of trade routes between the islands of Borneo and Mindanao during World War II, resulting in loss of access to necessary metal ores, and the subsequent post-war use of scrap metal, brass gongs with shorter decaying tones are now commonplace. [17] It is also prohibited during the mourning period of the death of an important person, during funerals, and during the peak times of the planting and harvest season. Country Of Origin: Russian Federation. Kulintang of the Southern Philippines is part of a larger, ancient gong and chime tradition found throughout Southeast Asia. Technically, kulintang is the Maguindanao, Ternate and Timor term for theidiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. Clevaland: Clark, 1903. The other is from Sunda, through Timor, Sulawesi, Moluccas and Mindanao where the word kolintang or kulintang is commonly used. Now with the number of Antidumping and Countervailing duties dramatically increasing, the imposition of Section 232 and 301 duties on products of certain countries, and new or changed free trade agreements, the definition of country of origin has taken on . [2] Called apad, these renditions mimic the normal speaking tones of the Maguindanao language, creating a specific message or, through the use of double entendre, a social commentary understood by nearly any adult native Maguindanao speaker. Samaon Sulaiman was a Filipino musician who is a recipient of the National Living Treasure award. Country Of Origin: Philippines. Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 5379. It is used during large feasts, festive/harvest gatherings, for entertainment of visiting friends and relatives, and at parades. Kulintang. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. [17] Musicians see performances as an opportunity to receive recognition, prestige and respect from the community and nothing more. (Spring Summer, 1996), pp. From the video clips you have seen, identify the instruments' country of origin of each instrument and classify each using the Hornbostel-Sachs classification . The kulintang frame, known as an antangan (to arrange) by the Maguindanao and langkonga by the Maranao, may have crude designs made from only bamboo poles, or be highly decorated with rich artistic designs like the traditional okir (okil) motifs or arabesques. "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music." The knowledge of outsiders playing traditional kulintang has encouraged the younger generation of musicians in the Philippines, both in Mindanao and in Taguig, Metro Manila. In the Philippines, it represents the highest form of gong . Ann Harbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2005. [42], Generally, performances can be classified as either formal ones or informal. The History of Musical Instruments. [16] For the Maguindanao, three to five typical genres can be distinguished:[41] Duyug, Sinulog, Tidtu, Binalig and Tagonggo. [50][51], Two dancers and a group of musicians of Kulintang in Buru Regency, Maluku, Indonesia. Answer: As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timor, Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with . The Manobo's are a people indigenous to the Philippines. Though there exist no identifiable rhythmic or melodic differences between patterns with names such as the Maguindanao, each group has their own music compositions. This article focuses on the Philippine Kulintang traditions of the Maranao and Maguindanao peoples. Yup, that's how diverse the country is. Technically, kulintang is the Ternate, Mollucas, Maguindanaon, Lumad and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. Country of origin also determines eligibility for special duties or free trade agreements. Posner, Karen L. "A Preliminary Analysis of Style in Maguindanao Kulintang Music." between 1900 and 1940, Group portrait of Ambonese with musical instrument of Kulintang in Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia. The difference between gamelan and kulintang. Netherlands: The Hague, 1949. Maranao Traditional Brasscasting. Kulintang music is a tradtional gong based musical form originating in the Southern Philippines and Indonesia." kulintang stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images "Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the Southern Philippines." (Spring-Summer 1985), pp. Babandil or Babendil is a narrow-rimmed gong that is primarily used in the Maguindanao kulintang ensemble as a timekeeper. together with the kulintang and other gongs. Traditionally, kulintang performers are volunteers whose only reward is recognition and prestige. Kulintang music has no set compositions due to its concept of rhythmic modes. is that "gamelan" is a genre of music of Indonesian origin typically featuring metallophones, xylophones, drums, gongs and a bamboo flute and . Asian Music XXVII.2 (1996): 3352. [12] It's likely the earliest gongs used among the indigenous populace had no recreational value but were simply used for making signals and sending messages.[9]. is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. [15] A rhythmic mode (or designation or genre or pattern) is defined as a musical unit that binds together the entire five instrument ensemble. The word "kaplogo," from logo (sound), refers to the vocal music repertoire classified according to the themes or subjects and the manner in which these . Kulintang. [3] It is probable that the earliest gongs used among the indigenous populace had no recreational value, but were simply used for making signals and sending messages.[1]. [26] The combination of the various rhythms of each instrument creates music, and a change in one of the rhythms, alters the music and produces a different composition. It is considered one of the regions three major gong ensembles, alongside the gamelan of western Indonesia and piphat of Thailand, Burma, Cambodia and Laos, which use gongs and not wind or string instruments to carry the melodic part of the ensemble. [40] Traditionally, the playing of the kulintang was associated with graceful, slow, frail and relaxed movements that showed elegance and decorum common among females. However, the historiographical discussion on kulintang repertoire was increased by several papers appeared in the especial issue edited in 1996 by the journal Asian Music.In this special issue Kulintang/Kolintang Music [11] two main traditions where studied in . [38] This tuning system, not based upon equal temperament or upon a system of standard pitches but on a similar/certain pattern of large and small intervals, could also be found among the gamelan orchestras of western Indonesia. 123130. One is from Sunda, through Banjermasin, Brunei and the Sulu Archipelago, a route where the word kulintangan is commonly used for the horizontal row of gongs. The gong is refined, cleaned, and properly identified by the panday (gong-maker). [26] These differences could sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the modes and styles within it a bit confounding. N. 3 Structural Model of the Kulintang Pieces. Photo courtesy of Bernard Ellorin. Expedition into ETHS 545: Music of the Southern Philippines." The other Philippine ethnic dance are Singkil, Pandango sa ilaw, Kuratsa, Itik-itik, Maglalatik, Maria Clara, La Jota Manilea, Sakuting, Pantonomina . The gongs weigh roughly from two pounds to three pounds each, and have dimensions of 6 to 10inches for their diameters and 3 to 5inches for their height. The kulintang player's ability to improvise within the parameters of a rhythmic mode is a must. [45], New styles such as the Maguindanao's kagungudan and the Maranao's bago, are considered fast, rhythmic and showy. The kulintang frame is known as an "antangan" by the Maguindanao (which means to arrange) and "langkonga" by the Maranao. [43] However, apad is falling into disuse because times have changed, and the necessity of its use for long-distance communication purposes has faded away. [28], Tagunggo, a rhythmic mode often used to accompany trance and dance rituals such as sagayan [34], is not classified under one of these styles, because it is more ritualistic than recreational in nature. Frame, Edward M.. "The Musical Instruments of Sabah, Malaysia." [4] The earliest historical accounts of instruments resembling those of the present day kulintang are in the writings of various European explorers from the sixteenth century who observed such instruments used in passing. . [34], These general genres could be further grouped among each other into styles/subcategories/stylistic modifiers,[16] which are differentiated from one another based on instrumentation, playing techniques, function and the average age and gender of the musicians as well. The Maranao Kolintang Music: An Analysis of the Instruments, Musical Organization, Ethmologies, and Historical Documents. Traditionally, when performers play kulintang music, their participation is voluntary. Kulintang is a modern term for an instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally-laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. [17] These performances usually were times when amateurs practiced on the instruments, young boys and girls gathered the instruments, substituting the kulintang with the saronay and inubab. [4], It was these similarities that lead theorists to conclude that the kulintang was originally imported to the Philippines during the migration of the kolenang through the Malay Archipelago. 2019Adsone Matthew Mitty Gabu Gabu10.35631/ijham.25007International Journal of Heritage, Art and Multimedia. [19] Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibunyan, the latter term meaning an ensemble of loud instruments or music-making or in this case music-making using a kulintang.[20], Kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia. The gongs are played with two sticks of soft wood. For instance, the Tausug have three identifiable compositionsKuriri, Sinug, and Lubak-Lubakthe Yakan have twoTini-id and Kuririand the Dusun have threeAyas, Kudidi and Tidung. And it is also a universe of exquisite folk art. "Some Principles of Formal Variation in the Kolintang Music of the Maranao." Marawi City: University Research Center, Mindanao State University, 1980. annual pilgrimages returning to and from Mecca, Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines, Magindanaon Kulintang Music: Instruments, Repertoire, Performance Contexts, and Social Functions, A Comparison of Music of the Philippines and Sulawesi, Kulintang: A musical tradition of the Philippines, https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Kulintang&oldid=1044820, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Kulintang a Kayo - Gandingan a Kayo - Kulintang a Tiniok - Kubing - Luntang - Agung a Tamlang Kagul Palendag Tumpong Suling - Kutiyapi, Cadar, Usopay H. "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society. 105122. Gamelan seems to have developed early in the history of what is now Indonesia. Kulintang music was once used for communicating long distance messages from one village or longhouse to another. Dreamstime is the world`s largest stock photography community. ", Usopay H. Cadar, "The Role of Kolintang Music in Maranao Society. . Cadar, Usopay Hamdag (1971). [8] Genres under this classification have faster tempos with an emphasis on power and speed, are highly rhythmic and pulsating, and contain a great deal of improvisation employing different rhythmic and melodic formulas not used with old patterns. (2020) History, development and influence of kulintang music to the cultural heritage (adat-betad) of Maguindanaon. At informal performances, the strict rules that normally govern play are often ignored and the performers are usually people well-acquainted with one another, such as close family members. Mercurio, Philip Dominguez. My Kulintang journey began in 2012, during which I heard more kulintang music over a short period of time than I'd heard during 26 years of living in Manila. The instrument Agung is a set of wide-rimmed . ", R. Anderson Sutton, "Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda. Use them in commercial designs under lifetime, perpetual & worldwide rights. [45] Generally, these styles are differentiated by what is considered traditional or old, and more contemporary or new., Old styles are considered slow, well-pronounced and dignified like the Maguindanao's kamamatuan and the Maranao's andung. The improvisation inherent in kulintang compositions meant that modes and styles were continually revised and changed as they were passed on to a newer generation of musicians, making the pieces and any labels attached to them relevant only during a certain time frame. Kiefer, Thomas M.. Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslem of the Southern Philippines. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. [5] Its importance stems from its association with the indigenous cultures that inhabited these islands prior to the influences of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity or the West, making Kulintang the most developed tradition of Southeast Asian archaic gong-chime ensembles. [32], New styles, such as the Maguindanaos kagungudan and the Maranaos bago, are fast, rhythmic and showy. [18] Modern techniques include twirling the beaters, juggling them in midair, changing the arrangement of the gongs either before or while playing, crossings hands during play or adding very rapid fire strokes, all in an effort to show off a players grace and virtuosity. [17], Kulintang music can be used for communicating long distance messages from one village or longhouse to another. Kulintang Percussionist 1 "San Pedro, USA - September 8, 2007: Performers from ""Pakaraguian Kulintang Ensemble"" at the 16th Annual Festival of Philippine Arts & Culture (FPAC). The layers are then left to dry under the sun, after which the entire mold is heated in a furnace to melt away the wax and hardening the coal/mud mixture, leaving behind a hollowed shell. One theory suggest that the bronze gong had an ancient history in Southeast Asia, arriving in the Indonesian archipelago two or even three thousand years ago, making its way to the Philippines from China in the third century AD. [33] Listeners in the audience expected players to surprise and astound them by playing in their own unique style, and by incorporating improvisation to make newer versions of the piece. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Si Tokan: Ang Manggagawa ng Kulintang sa Maguindanao Ilaya (Tokan, Kulintang Maker of Upriver Maguindanao): Directed by Jose Semblante Buenconsejo. society usually begins to perform kulintang music as a form of family entertainment. The makeup of kulintang ensembles throughout the region varies between the various cultural groups. "Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda. [3] Another theory lays doubt to the former claim, suggesting the kulintang could not have existed prior to the 15th century due to the belief that Javanese (Indonesian) gong tradition, which is what the kulintang was believed to be derived from, developed only by the 15th century. [37] Genres classified under this style have moderate tempos, are rhythmically oriented, balanced, lack many improvisations and are usually played by the older folks and are therefore always played first, to give due respect to the older generation. During the playful folk dance, two teams, one representing each side, circle and clash bamboo sticks in a gentle imitation of martial arts sparring. [46] The Maranao on the other hand have only three typical genresKapromayas/Romayas, Kapagonor/Onor, and Katitik Pandai/Kapaginandang. In sociology, culture is defined as "what is common to a group of individuals and as what ties them together". [4], The instrument called the kulintang (or its other derivative terms) consists of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, laid horizontally upon a frame and arranged in order of pitch, with the lowest gong on the players left. . [25][26][27], Because of limited data concerning gong music prior to European exploration, theories abound as to when the prototypes of what is now the kulintang came to be. Due to its use across a wide variety of groups and languages, the kulintang is also called kolintang by the Maranao and those in Sulawesi, kulintangan by those in Sabah and the Sulu Archipelago and totobuang by those in central Maluku. Cagayan de Oro: Xavier University, 1995. [27], Though the variety of rhythms could result in innumerable different patterns, rhythmic modes can be generally categorized into genres according to criteria such as the number of beats in a recurring musical phrase, differences in the melodic and rhythmic groups with the musical phrase, differences in the rhythmic emphasis, and differences in the opening formulas and cadential patterns. From ostentatious royal houses to the tiniest detail in their gongs, Maranao arts and crafts carry the stories of its vibrant culture. ", Cadar, Usopay H., and Robert Garfias. With new pieces continuously proliferating, pieces created only decades ago are now considered old, even though the tradition of kulintang music spans many centuries. [33] Modern techniques include twirling the beaters, juggling them in midair, changing the arrangement of the gongs either before or while playing, crossings hands during play or adding very rapid fire strokes all in an effort to show off a player's grace and virtuosity.[17]. This is clearly seen in the Tausugs sinug and Yakans tini-id and kuriri compositions, where this sort of jousting becomes a game of skill and virtuoso playing.[3]. 1. It has several names that vary depending on the region, such as babendir in Maguindanao, and Babndir for the Maranao people. This is clearly seen in the Tausug Sinug and Yakan Tini-id and Kuriri compositions where this sort of jousting becomes a game of skill and virtuoso playing.[12]. In the Southern Philippines alone, where kulintang is mostly heard, has several Kulintang-playing ethnic tribes including Maguindanao, Maranao . However, kulintang music differs in many aspects from gamelan music. Blair, Emma, and James Robertson. [41] By adding together the various rhythms of each instrument, one could create music and by changing one of the rhythms, one could create different music. It is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. This occurs at the discretion of the kulintang player. [27] Traditionally, unmarried daughters were kept in a special chamber in the attic called a lamin, off-limit to visitors and suitors. Musical Organization, Ethmologies, and at parades the gongs are played with two wooden beaters or informal province! And nothing more their participation is voluntary stock photography community, R. Anderson Sutton, `` Musical. Preliminary Analysis of Style in Maguindanao, and at parades sometimes make this! Focuses on the other is from Sunda, through Timor, Sulawesi, and! Cadar, Usopay H., and properly identified by the panday ( gong-maker ) is. ) comes from the province of Abra compositions due to its concept of rhythmic modes in designs! 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Under lifetime, perpetual & amp ; worldwide rights and the Maranaos bago, are fast, and! Music as a timekeeper Art and Multimedia chime tradition found throughout Southeast Asia or. Is mostly heard, has several Kulintang-playing ethnic tribes including Maguindanao, and Katitik Pandai/Kapaginandang large,. Kulintang-Playing ethnic tribes including Maguindanao, and Katitik Pandai/Kapaginandang, when performers play kulintang Music a! Carry the stories of its vibrant culture usually begins to perform kulintang Music as a form of family.... Of Ambonese with Musical instrument of kulintang Music differs in many aspects from gamelan Music.,.