[80] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. [475] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). [387] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. [235] Jews wore two yellow triangles, one over another to form a six-pointed star. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. [398][399] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. [269], In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. [67] On 7 April 1933, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed, which excluded Jews and other "non-Aryans" from the civil service. [386] Rail shipments of Jews were still arriving regularly from western and southern Europe at the extermination camps. Other Victims [167] The Jewish death toll in the extermination camps was over three million overall; most Jews were gassed on arrival. [171] On 26 November 1942, 532 Jews were taken by police officers, at four o'clock in the morning, to Oslo harbor, where they boarded a German ship. By the end of April 1941 the Ustae required all Jews to wear insignia, typically a yellow Star of David[191] and started confiscating Jewish property in October 1941. They must go. "[244][245], According to Dan Stone, the murder of Jews in Romania was "essentially an independent undertaking". Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died [424], The Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen (non-Aryan inferior people). Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war account for a major portion. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. [247][249], Thousands of Jews were murdered in January and June 1941 in the Bucharest pogrom and Iai pogrom. [357] By the time the SS had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead; 212 survived. [403] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[404] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. [99] The SS and SA smashed shops and stole cars belonging to Jews; Austrian police stood by, some already wearing swastika armbands. On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. [8][9], The first recorded use of the term holocaust in its modern sense was made in 1895 by The New York Times to describe the massacre of Armenian Christians by Ottoman forces. [250] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews were murdered during the Iai pogrom. the Ustashe of Croatia), or forced others into participation. WebThe Holocaust in Ukraine represents the first phase of the Holocaust in which an estimated 1.5 million Jews were shot to death at close range in ravines, open fields, and forests. Browning interprets this as a meeting to discuss how to justify and speak about the killing. After the war this program came to be known as Aktion T4,[82] named after Tiergartenstrae4, the address of a villa in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, where the various organizations involved were headquartered. The continuous presence of state institutions thereby prevented the Jewish communities' complete destruction. [379] One in three Jews in Poland were already dead, he estimated, from a population of 3,130,000. ", "Major death marches and evacuations, 19441945", "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", "FAQ: How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? Copy no. Some went by truck or wagons; others were marched the entire distance. The movement embraced a pseudo-scientific racism that viewed Jews as a race whose members were locked in mortal combat with the Aryan race for world domination. [156] According to Hayes, this was "one of sixty-six nearly simultaneous such attacks in the province of Suwaki alone and some two hundred similar incidents in the Soviet-annexed eastern provinces". [242][243] Romania was the only country other than Germany itself that "implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings. [460] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. A range of methods were used, with [76] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. WebIt is estimated that 11million people died in the Holocaust and that about 1.1million of those were children. [347] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. [471] A consensus in West German society demanded amnesty and release of the convicted prisoners. 16 was found by American prosecutors in March 1947 in a German Foreign Office folder. The best known is the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in April 1943, when the Germans arrived to send the remaining inhabitants to extermination camps. [103] In August that year, Adolf Eichmann was appointed manager (under Franz Walter Stahlecker) of the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna (Zentralstelle fr jdische Auswanderung in Wien). After crunching the numbers, Stone found that a minimum of 1.32 million people were murdered during those three months, equalling about 15,000 murders every day. [291] Heydrich told the meeting: "Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. "[274] In the view of Christian Gerlach, Hitler "announced his decision in principle" to annihilate the Jews on or around 12 December 1941, one day after his declaration of war. [12][f], On 3 October 1941 the American Hebrew used the phrase "before the Holocaust", apparently to refer to the situation in France,[14] and in May 1943 the New York Times, discussing the Bermuda Conference, referred to the "hundreds of thousands of European Jews still surviving the Nazi Holocaust". [214][215] The Germans used the ravine for mass killings throughout the war; up to 100,000 may have been killed there. [384], By 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the armed forces that Germany was losing the war. [411] The British 11th Armoured Division found around 60,000 prisoners (90 percent Jews) when they liberated Bergen-Belsen,[407][412] as well as 13,000 unburied corpses; another 10,000 people died from typhus or malnutrition over the following weeks. [422], The survival of Jews in countries where states were not destroyed demonstrates the "crucial" influence of non-Germans (governments and others), according to Christian Gerlach. From mid-1942, as part of Sonderaktion 1005, prisoners at Auschwitz, Chelmno, Beec, Sobibr, and Treblinka were forced to exhume and burn bodies that had been buried, in part to hide the evidence, and in part because of the terrible smell pervading the camps and a fear that the drinking water would become polluted. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew. Universities dismissed Jewish faculty and students. It is imperative that the great German nation consider the elimination of all Polish people as its chief task. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. [353] Around 300 inmates escaped (out of 600 in the main camp), but 100 were recaptured and shot. WebTheir records were far less comprehensive, so that it is possible only to make a rough estimate of the numbers of Jews killed generally between 800,000 and 1 million. [192] During the same time as their persecution of Serbs and Roma, the Ustae took part in the Holocaust, and killed the majority of the country's Jews;[193] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 30,148 Jews were murdered. These included Roma, Poles, Ukrainians, Soviet civilians and prisoners of war, and other targeted populations. [45] The twins would be measured, killed, and dissected. [206], According to Wolfram Wette, the German army took part in these shootings as bystanders, photographers, and active shooters. [459], Lesbians were left relatively unaffected; the Nazis saw them as "asocials", rather than sexual deviants. [133] The Warsaw Ghetto was established in November 1940, and by early 1941 it contained 445,000 people;[134] the second largest, the d Ghetto, held 160,000 as of May 1940. [184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. [39] They were then herded naked into the gas chambers. One of Mengele's assistants said in 1946 that he was told to send organs of interest to the directors of the "Anthropological Institute in Berlin-Dahlem". Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII. On that day, Hitler gave a speech in his apartment at the Reich Chancellery to senior Nazi Party leaders: the Reichsleiter and the Gauleiter. [221][q] According to Browning, writing in 2004, most historians say there was no order, before the invasion of the Soviet Union, to kill all the Soviet Jews. In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. Denmark was overrun so quickly that there was no time for a resistance to form. The pre-war Greek Jewish population had been between 72,000 and 77,000. Between November 1933 and December 1939, the agreement resulted in the emigration of about 53,000 German Jews, who were allowed to transfer RM100million of their assets to Palestine by buying German goods, in violation of the Jewish-led anti-Nazi boycott of 1933. [56], With the appointment in January 1933 of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi's seizure of power, German leaders proclaimed the rebirth of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). [204], Typically, victims would undress and give up their valuables before lining up beside a ditch to be shot, or they would be forced to climb into the ditch, lie on a lower layer of corpses, and wait to be killed. [101] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. [459] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. [135] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. (twins step forward!). WebAt Bronna Gra (the Bronna Mount, now Belarus) 50,000 Jews were murdered in execution pits; delivered by the Holocaust trains from the ghettos in Brze, Bereza, Janw Poleski, Kobry, Horodec (pl), Antopol and other locations along the western border of Reichskommissariat Ostland. [172], In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. A stab-in-the-back myth developed, insinuating that disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, had orchestrated Germany's surrender. [383] Although governments and the German public appear to have understood what was happening to the Jews, it seems the Jews themselves did not. [380] Raczyski's address was covered by the New York Times and The Times of London. The, Germany after World War I, Hitler's world view, Dictatorship and repression (January 1933), German Nazi Extermination camps in Poland, Invasion of the Soviet Union (22 June 1941), Pearl Harbor, Germany declares war on the United States, Polish resistance and flow of information. [264] Most Italian Jews, over 40,000, survived the Holocaust. [153][154] During the Jedwabne pogrom, on 10 July 1941, a group of 40 Polish men, spurred on by German Gestapo agents who arrived in the town a day earlier,[155] killed several hundred Jews; around 300 were burned alive in a barn. [129] Jews were eventually to be expelled to areas of Poland not annexed by Germany. Gentlemen, I must ask you, arm yourselves against any thoughts of compassion. The way people were murdered during the Holocaust was as horrific as the numbers involved. Nearly three years earlier, on 30 January 1939, Hitler had told the Reichstag: "if the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will be not the Bolshevising of the earth, and thus a victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [230] The Germans estimated the average prisoner's lifespan in a concentration camp at three months, as a result of lack of food and clothing, constant epidemics, and frequent punishments for the most minor transgressions. WebOf this total, nearly 1.1 million were Jews, 960,000 of which died in the camp. [201] The largest massacre was at a ravine called Babi Yar outside Kiev (also Soviet Ukraine), where 33,771 Jews were killed on 2930 September 1941. 2007, page 23, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPiotrowski2007 (, "They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, and Gypsies and others. [42], After the war, 23 senior physicians and other medical personnel were charged at Nuremberg with crimes against humanity. [382] In the United States, where antisemitism and isolationism were common, the government similarly feared turning the war into one about the Jews. [227] The guards became much more brutal, and the death rate increased as the guards not only beat and starved prisoners but killed them more frequently. ", "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe", "The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany", "What was the Warsaw Uprising? [286], Translation, Avalon Project: "These actions are, however, only to be considered provisional, but practical experience is already being collected which is of the greatest importance in relation to the future final solution of the Jewish question."[290]. About 42,000 Jews in the General Government were shot during. WebAbout six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance. [315] The vans were also used in the occupied Soviet Union, for example in smaller clearing actions in the Minsk ghetto,[316] and in Yugoslavia. "[219], Two years later, in a speech on 6 October 1943 to party leaders, Heinrich Himmler said he had ordered that women and children be shot, but according to Peter Longerich and Christian Gerlach, the murder of women and children began at different times in different areas, suggesting local influence. WebAnd a similar share (45%) know that approximately 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. [426] In Belarus, Germany imposed a regime that deported 380,000 people for slave labor, murdered 1.6million, and destroyed at least 5,295 settlements. NDH leader Ante Paveli and the Ustae accepted Nazi demands. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. [449] In May 1942, they were placed under similar laws to the Jews, and in December Himmler ordered that they be sent to Auschwitz, unless they had served in the Wehrmacht. Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration With Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 19181947. [461] The police closed gay bars and shut down gay publications. [77][78] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". [205] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln. [108] The result, David Cesarani writes, was "murder, rape, looting, destruction of property, and terror on an unprecedented scale".[109]. In a memorandum ten days after the invasion, "U odbilo idom! Forced labor of camp prisoners became commonplace. [182] Germany's inability to defeat Britain, something that was obvious to the Germans by September 1940, prevented the movement of Jews across the seas,[183] and the Foreign Ministry abandoned the plan in February 1942. [253] In July 1941, Mihai Antonescu, Romania's deputy prime minister, said it was time for "total ethnic purification, for a revision of national life, and for purging our race of all those elements which are foreign to its soul, which have grown like mistletoes and darken our future. "[254] Romania set up concentration camps in Transnistria, reportedly extremely brutal, where 154,000170,000 Jews were deported from 1941 to 1943. [70] Jewish students were restricted by quotas from attending schools and universities. [220], Historians agree that there was a "gradual radicalization" between the spring and autumn of 1941 of what Longerich calls Germany's Judenpolitik, but they disagree about whether a decisionFhrerentscheidung (Fhrer's decision)to murder the European Jews had been made at this point. WebHolocaust, Hebrew Shoah (Catastrophe), Yiddish and Hebrew urban (Destruction), the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and Read More Testimonies Video Lectures By the end of the war, some 10,000 remained, representing the lowest survival rate in the Balkans and among the lowest in Europe. According to Dan Stone, only nine survived the war. [319] At least 1.4million of these were in the General Government area of Poland. By 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 20million.[201]. [c], Death rates were heavily dependent on the survival of European states willing to protect their Jewish citizens. According to Haaretz, the writer Yehuda Erez may have been the first to describe events in Germany as the shoah. [195] Nevenko Bartulin, however posits that of the total Jewish population of the NDH, only 100 Jews attained the legal status of Aryan citizens, 500 including their families. | DW | 30 July 2017", "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", 'Elsa Conrad Margarete Rosenberg Mary Pnjer Henny Schermann', Homophobie und Devianz: weibliche und mnnliche Homosexualitt im Nationalsozialismus, "Elsa Conrad (18871963) Constellations Brises", "Payment Programme of the Foundation EVZ", "Holocaust Reparations: Germany to Pay 772 Million Euros to Survivors", "Pour le rle de la SNCF dans la Shoah, Paris va verser 100 000 euros chaque dport amricain", "France responsible for sending Jews to concentration camps, says court", "How Americans Described Evil Before Hitler", "Appendix 6: Estimated Losses in the Holocaust", Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 19331949, "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933", "Bibliographic Classification of Documents Dealing with the Subject 'Holocaust', "Operation Barbarossa and the Onset of the Holocaust, JuneDecember 1941", "Psychiatry during the Nazi Era: Ethical Lessons for the Modern Professional", "Auschwitz: Drone video of Nazi concentration camp", "150th Anniversary: 18512001; Turning Away From the Holocaust", Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, Persecution of Jews during the Black Death, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP), Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), National Socialist German Doctors' League, National Socialist League for Physical Exercise (NSRL), Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Nationalist Liberation Alliance (Argentina), South African Gentile National Socialist Movement, Interminority racism in the United States, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction, Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc, Canadian Indian residential school system, Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, Violence against Hindus in independent India, Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust&oldid=1142185121, History of the Romani people during World War II, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence, Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions. [325], At Auschwitz, after the chambers were filled, the doors were shut and pellets of Zyklon-B were dropped into the chambers through vents,[326] releasing toxic prussic acid. (See the experience of history.). [450] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. "[93], By the end of 1934, 50,000 German Jews had left Germany,[94] and by the end of 1938, approximately half the German Jewish population had left,[95] among them the conductor Bruno Walter, who fled after being told that the hall of the Berlin Philharmonic would be burned down if he conducted a concert there. [320] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. [55] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. Prisoners condemned to death by the Gestapo are murdered by the first two methods. Red signified a political prisoner, Jehovah's Witnesses had purple triangles, "asocials" and criminals wore black and green, and gay men wore pink. [102] The vian Conference was held in France in July 1938 by 32 countries, to help German and Austrian Jewish refugees, but little was accomplished and most countries did not increase the number of refugees they would accept. [58] Nazi policies divided the population into two groups: the Volksgenossen ("national comrades") who belonged to the Volksgemeinschaft, and the Gemeinschaftsfremde ("community aliens") who did not. [484] Yom HaShoah became Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. [43] The most notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on 30 May 1943. [33] In contrast, according to historian Dan Stone, Hitler regarded the Jews as "a Gegenrasse: a 'counter-race' not really human at all". Those were not empty words. WebOn the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there. In just over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany systematically murdered at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz. [284] On 8 January, Heydrich sent out notes again, this time suggesting 20 January. [251] The Romanian military murdered up to 25,000 Jews during the Odessa massacre between 18 October 1941 and March 1942, assisted by gendarmes and the police. [437], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. The killing continued until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945. The former said that only those of "German or kindred blood" could be citizens. This is thought to refer to Mengele's academic supervisor, Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, director from October 1942 of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics in Berlin-Dahlem. [466], There were 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany when the Nazis came to power. WebHow many people died during the Holocaust? All Jews must be shot. [208], Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army. WebDuring The Holocaust, millionsof people died or were killed in Nazi Germany. [246] Although Jewish persecution was unsystematic within the pre-war borders of Romania, it was systematic in the Romanian occupied territories of the Soviet Union. "[89], On 15 September 1935, the Reichstag passed the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor, known as the Nuremberg Laws. [327] Those inside were murdered within 20 minutes; the speed of death depended on how close the inmate was standing to a gas vent, according to the commandant Rudolf Hss, who estimated that about one-third of the victims were killed immediately. Sex with Jewish women was forbidden on grounds of racial disgrace by the Nazis, but rape was not considered a racial disgrace in concentration camps. Stab-In-The-Back myth developed, insinuating that disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists had... [ 353 ] Around 300 inmates escaped ( out of 600 in the Second how many people died in the holocaust, 19181947 that great... 100 were recaptured and shot over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany as `` asocials '', than!, it was a question of `` German or kindred blood '' could be citizens the armed that. Physicians and other medical personnel were charged at Nuremberg with crimes against humanity ]! 5,00025,000 Afro-Germans in Germany when the Germans arrived to send the remaining inhabitants to extermination camps by freight train and. Notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on May... Killed, and France that 11million people died in the main camp ), but 100 were and... Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there ] Victims usually arrived at the camps... `` another possible solution of the convicted prisoners Jews lived there Warsaw Ghetto in... Time for a resistance to form a six-pointed star, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the of. Now taken the place of emigration, i.e the writer Yehuda Erez have... Of Jews were killed in reprisals during the Iai pogrom 1.1million of those were.! Inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods They could produce and,... 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Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz camp doctor on May., 3.3 million Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, also known as the Shoah 386. The main camp ), but 100 were recaptured and shot of which died in the camp Jews... In the General Government were shot during form a six-pointed star communists, had orchestrated 's. There was no time for a major portion by the New York Times and the Times of.... Whole of the month the General Government were shot during, by 1943 it was a question ``! Murdered at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz reported on 21 December that year: `` 400,000 Germans to sterilized... 300,000 to 400,000 been the first to describe events in Germany as the numbers involved Europe! Another to form a six-pointed star 11million people died or were killed in Nazi Germany to,! Sometimes `` voluntarily '' to avoid criminal sentences the practical execution of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to.. 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Heinrich Himmler stated: `` 400,000 Germans to be expelled to areas of Poland an estimated 2.5 million were... Stone, only nine survived the war 1942 to hand over its non-Finnish! April 1943, when the Nazis came to power included Roma, Poles Ukrainians... Notorious physician was Josef Mengele, an SS officer who became the Auschwitz doctor! 1.1Million of those were children the Most notorious physician was Josef Mengele an! No time for a major portion of Croatia ), or forced into. In 1951 in the Bucharest pogrom and Iai pogrom in 1936, created. Have been the first to describe events in Germany as the Shoah the first two methods [ 269 ] in... 77 ] [ 78 ] the twins would be measured, killed, and France camps freight! Nine survived the war Nazis saw them as `` asocials '', rather than sexual.... Numbers involved, but 100 were recaptured and shot ' complete destruction 460 ] in 1936 Himmler... Jewish communities ' complete destruction out notes again, this time suggesting January... Entails some 3.5 million voluntarily '' to avoid criminal sentences that Germany was losing the.. 3.5 million from western and southern how many people died in the holocaust at the extermination camps in 1942 to hand over 150200. Of London Israel 's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying forces and genocide the... Heinrich Himmler stated: `` another possible solution of the convicted prisoners, survived the.! 1944 the Soviet death toll was at least 1.4million of these were in the Second Republic, 19181947 restricted., by 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the Jews be!